Back الشباب (تنظيم صومالي) Arabic الشباب (تنظيم صومالى) ARZ Əş-Şəbab Azerbaijani Ал-Шабаб Bulgarian আল-শাবাব Bengali/Bangla Al-Xabab Catalan Aš-Šabáb Czech Al-Shabaab Danish Al-Shabaab (Terrororganisation) German Αλ-Σαμπάμπ Greek
| Al-Shabaab | |
|---|---|
| حركة الشباب المجاهدين | |
| |
| Founder | Aden Ayro † (2006–2008) |
| Leaders |
|
| Dates of operation | August 2006–present |
| Headquarters | |
| Active regions | |
| Ideology | |
| Size | 7,000–12,000 (2023 estimate)[15] |
| Part of |  Al-Qaeda |
| Allies | State allies
 Houthis (sometimes)[20] |
| Opponents | State opponents
 Islamic State - Somalia Province |
| Battles and wars | Somali Civil War |
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Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, commonly known as al-Shabaab,[note 2] is a Sunni Islamist military and political organization based in Somalia and active elsewhere in East Africa. It is actively involved in the ongoing Somali Civil War and incorporates elements of Somali nationalism into its Islamist cause. Allegiant to the militant pan-Islamist organization al-Qaeda since 2012, it has also been suspected of forging ties with al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
Formed in the mid-2000s as part of the Islamic Courts Union, al-Shabaab came to prominence during the 2006–2009 Somalia War, during which it presented itself as a vehicle for the waging of armed resistance against the occupying Ethiopian army. In subsequent years, it gained popular support from Somalis and became a dominant force in south and central Somalia, defending large swathes of territory by fighting against the African Union Mission to Somalia and the Federal Government of Somalia, as well as the latter's transitional predecessor. Al-Shabaab gained international prominence due to its recruitment of foreign fighters, including fighters who are from Western countries. Countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates have designated it as a terrorist organization, and the United States has militarily intervened in order to fight against the group.
Between 2011 and 2013, a coalition which mostly consisted of East African forces, led by the Somali government, wrested a significant amount of territory from al-Shabaab, including the capital city, Mogadishu. During the same period, the group was plagued by internal conflicts over its leadership and ideological direction, which intensified when, in February 2012, al-Shabaab's leadership pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. It suffered further military losses in 2014, as a result of Operation Indian Ocean, and the killing of its emir, Ahmed Abdi Godane, in an American drone strike, as well as the killing of other leaders. For several years thereafter, al-Shabaab retreated from the major cities, but it remained influential in many rural areas, and it prioritized guerrilla and terror attacks over territorial acquisitions. It is responsible for many high-fatality attacks, such as the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack and the October 2017 Mogadishu bombings. Apart from its activities in Somalia, the group also operates in other East African countries, extending its insurgency to Kenya's border regions and carrying out an incursion into Ethiopia in late July 2022. Attendant to its recent resurgence, it was estimated to have increased its combat strength to between 7,000 and 12,000 fighters in February 2022.[27][5]
- ^ "Abukar Ali Adan". United Nations Security Council. Archived from the original on June 25, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
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- ^ "Somalia's al-Shabab militants in 'deadly feud'". BBC News. June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
- ^ Ross, Andrew (October 25, 2015). "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Al Shabaab's Area of Operations". criticalthreats.org. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
- ^ a b Muibu, Daisy (October 11, 2022). "What drives Al-Shabaab in Somalia: foreign forces out, Sharia law in and overthrow the government". The Conversation. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ^ a b Allen, William; Gakuo Mwangi, Oscar (March 25, 2021). "Al-Shabaab". Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.785. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022.
- ^ James, Barnett. "The Evolution of East African Salafi-jihadism". Hudson Institute. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ Agbiboa, Daniel (February 10, 2014). "Terrorism without Borders: Somalia's Al-Shabaab and the global jihad network". Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations. 5 (1). doi:10.15664/jtr.826. hdl:10023/4916. ISSN 2516-3159.
- ^ a b c Makhaus, Ken (August 2009). "Somalia: What went Wrong?". The RUSI Journal. 154 (4). Taylor & Francis: 8. doi:10.1080/03071840903216395. S2CID 219626653.
- ^ "Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia". Crisis Group. June 21, 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
Somalia's neighbours are threatened by Al-Shabaab's blending of irredentist Greater Somalia rhetoric with Islamist ideology ...
- ^ Allen, William (September 3, 2014). "Al-Shabaab and the Exploitation of the Subject Network Model". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019.
- ^ "Analysis: Al-Shabaab Response to U.S. Recognition of Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel". Vates. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
- ^ Muibu, Daisy (October 11, 2022). "What drives Al-Shabaab in Somalia: foreign forces out, Sharia law in and overthrow the government". The Conversation. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
Al-Shabaab's outspokenness against foreign forces resonated with deep-rooted Somali hostility against Ethiopia and broader nationalist narratives that existed.. Ultimately, this served as an incredible recruitment tool.
- ^ "S/2023/95". United Nations Security Council. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Al-Shabaab Biggest Threat to Peace in Somalia, Committee Chair Tells Security Council, as Delegates Air Differences over Sanctions". United Nations. April 13, 2017. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022.
- "111th Congress, 2nd Session, H. RES. 1708". govinfo.gov. September 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019.
- "United States Department of State, Country Reports on Terrorism 2017 – Eritrea". refworld.org. September 19, 2018. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018.
- "U.N. slams Eritrea for Islamic militant support". CBS News. December 5, 2011. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013.
- "[House Hearing, 114 Congress] Eritrea: A Neglected Regional Threat". govinfo.gov. U.S. Government Publishing Office. September 14, 2016. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019.
- Fillingham, Zachary (May 22, 2009). "The Eritrean Connection". Archived from the original on March 24, 2023.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020.
Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive devices, mortars, and chemicals used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia
- "The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.
- "Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports". RFE/RL. October 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018.
- Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Bashir, Hamdi (October 7, 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022.
The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.
- Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
- Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020.
Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia
- Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023.
- Bashir, Hamdi (October 7, 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Ahmed, Guled (February 9, 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021.
Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates
- Lynch, Colum (November 28, 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2012.
Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans
- Mustafa, Singh, Awad, Karam (August 2, 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (August 26, 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021.
Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence
- Ahmed, Guled (February 9, 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Houreld, Katharine (November 10, 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021.
Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.
- Redondo, Raúl (July 20, 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023.
Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen
- Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
- Houreld, Katharine (November 10, 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021.
- ^ "Canada AM: Al-Shabab recruiting Canadians". CTV News. February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
- ^ MacDougall, Ian (September 7, 2010). "Norway man pleads not guilty to terror financing". San Diego Tribune. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
- ^ "Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ^ "Russia Offers Military Support to Somalia". VOA. May 26, 2023. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ^ Şardan, Tolga (December 15, 2015). "Eş Şebab'ın hedefi Türkiye'de eylem!". Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ^ Paul D. Williams (October 3, 2019). "In Somalia, al-Shabab targeted U.S. and E.U. forces this week. Here's what these troops are doing there". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
- ^ Bozkurt, Abdullah (February 9, 2022). "UN report indicates al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy safe haven in Turkish-controlled Idlib". Nordic Monitor. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
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